Which of the following is NOT among the four factors affecting imitation in social learning theory?

• A. We imitate models we identify with.
• B. Observing models receiving positive reinforcement (vicarious reinforcement).
• C. The observer's gender.
• D. Internal mediational processes.

Answer: (C)

Imitation in social learning theory is guided by four cognitive mediational processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. These determine whether a person notices a behavior, remembers it, can physically perform it, and chooses to imitate it. Identifying with the model and seeing the model rewarded (vicarious reinforcement) influence motivation, making imitation more likely, but they feed into the motivation aspect rather than being separate factors. The observer’s gender is not listed as one of the four mediational processes, so it isn’t considered a universal factor affecting imitation in this framework.